


jffH-SS 



Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2011 with funding from 
The Library of Congress 



http://www.archive.org/details/hortonsannualforOOhort 



TS 825 
.H7 
Copy 1 



1885. 

HORTON'S 

ANNUAL FOR 1885, 

CONTAINING 

^i'RULES^ 

FOR THE .. 

Inspection of Hardwood Lumber 

FOR THE 

NEW YORK MARKET, 

Suggestions to Shippers^ 

AND 

HINTS TO MANUFACTURERS. 

COPYRIGHTED 1885. 





— PUBLISHED BY-rr-p ' 

C. G. HORTON, 

w 

Wholesale Lumber Broker, 
Nos. 4 and 6 West 14tb Street, 

NEW YORK. 



Extract from the " North- 
western Lumberman:' 



"It is evident that 'some manufacturers of 
hardwoods who ship to this market do not 
understand the grading and inspection used 
here and are frequently disappointed in the 
inspection returns. This is unavoidable, where 
there is not a perfect understanding in regard 
to the rules followed by the New York in- 
spectors. 

Manufacturers for their own interest and 
profit should thoroughly post themselves on 
the requirements of this market and thereby 
know just what it would pay to send, and 
what to keep at home. I will say that inspec- 
tion is rigid and severe here, and inspectors 
stand closely to the strict letter of the law. 

It is not a question of whether it is right 
or wrong, but it is the basis upon which 
the lumber is bought here and in general it 
is accepted only on the returns of a New 
York city inspector." 

Any manufacturer wishing to have a copy 
of the rules can obtain them free by ad- 
dressing a request to C. G. Horton, 4 and 6 
West Fourteenth Street, this city. This little 
book ought to be in the hands of every manu- 
facturer who intends shipping lumber to 
eastern points. Besides the inspection rules it 
contains hints to manufacturers and shippers 
with other valuable information. 



PREFACE. 

It is a subject of congratulation to the pub- 
lisher to note the increased demand for this 
little Annual, since the date of its first appear- 
ance in 1880. 

The difficulty of putting upon paper in a 
comprehensive manner a description of the 
various grades of hardwood lumber is fully 
appreciated and the author has not entirely 
relied upon his own judgment, but has con- 
sulted with the best authorities, and endeavor- 
ed to attain that end in a plain and simple 
manner. 

The purpose of the following rules is to pre- 
sent the general laws governing inspection of 
hardwood lumber for the New York market 
without expecting to establish arbitrary rules, 
which would be impossible, as much depends 
upon the judgment of the inspector. 

C. G. HORTON. 
New York, March 1, 1885. 



/ / 



pONSIGNMENTS OF HARDWOOD, WHICH 
V_y will be sold at the highest market price, 
and quick returns made for the same less 5 per 
cent, brokerage. 

In soliciting consignments, I wish to direct 
the attention of manufacturers and others hav- 
ing logs and lumber for sale to the following 
facts : 

I sell to the lumber trade only, and solicit 
orders only from reliable parties. 

I have constant demands for lumber from 
exporters and city dealers, and am prepared to 
dispose of large quantities cf stock of all kinds, 
grades and dimensions. 

Long experience and personal acquaintance 
with all the dealers in this city ana vicinity, 
enables me to readily dispose of stock, knowing 
the quantity, quality and grades required by 
each individual firm for their especial line of 
trade. 

Manufacturers. 

Manufacturers who place their business in 
my hands, will not only save the salary of a 
traveling salesman, but secure the services of 
a permanent representative in this market, 
who will make no bad accounts, or allow stock 
to remain on docks and in storage, until the 
profit is all eaten up by extra expense. 

Information. 

Any information relative to the condition or 
demands of the lumber trade in any of its 
branches, will be cheerfully and promptly fur- 
nished by 

G. G. HORTON, Wholesale Lumber Broker 
Nos. 4 and 6 West 14th St., New York. 



^RULESl^s. 

— FOR THE — 

Inspection of Hardwood Lumber 

—FOR THE— 

NEW YORK MARKET. 



What is termed Inspection in this and other 
markets, is called Surveying in Boston and 
some other points, and consists in classifying 
or placing a value upon each piece of lumber. 

Inasmuch as no two pieces of lumber are 
exactly alike, it is impossible to make an ar- 
bitrary rule which will govern each and 
every piece. The Inspector is therefore ex- 
pected to use his best judgment, based upon 
the goneral rules laid down in the following 
pages for his guidance. 

A board may be perfect in all respects for 
a certain line of work, and still be imperfect 
for some uses where some particular quality 
is necessary. There are many considerations 
which enter into the proper and judicious 
assorting and valuing of lumber which must 
be determined according to the judgment and 
experience of the inspector. 

Inspectors should examine all boards and 
planks on the poorest side, excepting in 
flooring. 

3 



C. G. Horton, Wholesale Lumber Broke?', 

All lumber to be measured in even lengths, 
(except culls) from ten to thirty feet inclus- 
ive. Above that length, timber shall be 
counted for what it will measure. 

All boards one inch and under thick shall 
be measured face measure. If sawed scant, 
will be reduced to the next standard thick- 
ness. 

All tapering pieces of lumber to be meas- 
ured one-third the distance from the narrow 
end, when twelve inches and over in width 
at the center, and when less than twelve 
inches wide in center to be measured at the 
narrow end. 

The standard knot is to be considered as 
not exceeding \\ inches in diameter, and of 
sound character. 

Splits are always a greater or less damage 
to hard vood lumber, and will reduce a piece 
to one grade lower if the split is over 18 
inches in length in boards and plank, or six 
inches in strips, but the split must be straight 
and in one end only, to be allowed. 

Bark or waney boards or plank, must be 
measured inside wane or bark. 

All badly mis-sawed lumber shall be classed 
as culls. No cull is considered as having a 
marketable value which will not work one-half 
its size without waste. 

Lumber sawed for specific purposes, as axles, 
bolsters, reaches, harrow timbers, newels, bal- 
usters, etc., must be inspected with a view 
4 



Nos. 4 and 6 West i^th Street, New York. 

to the adaptability of the piece for the in- 
tended use, as in many cases it cannot be 
utilized for other purposes. 

In the inspection of combined grades of 
Firsts and Seconds, an undue predominance 
of Seconds should always be carefully noted, 
as the purchaser is entitled to the full aver- 
age in quality, based upon the average mill 
run of the kind of timber involved. 

Hearts are excluded from all grades above 
culls. 

Worm-holes are to be considered as one of 
the most serious defects in hardwood lumber. 

Mill culls are never recognized as market- 
able, and all culls which will not work to the 
use for which the timber or the size is appli- 
cable, without wasting more than one-half, 
are Mill Culls. 

It is understood, that when the term strips 
is used, the said strips shall be six inches in 
width unless otherwise specified. 

Standard lengths are always recognized as 
being 12, 14 and 16 feet, but 15 per cent, of 
10 feet lengths may be allowed. Shorter than 
10 feet does not come within the range of 
marketable, although sometimes admitted. In 
Black Walnut and Cherry an exception is 
made, and 10 feet is recognized as a stan- 
dard length, and 15 per cent, of 8 feet lengths 
may be admitted in the Firsts and Seconds. 

Pieces of lumber that have auger holes 
near the end, should be measured for length 



C. G. Horton, Wholesale Lumber Broker, 

between the holes, and what is so measured to 
be classed in its proper quality ; if any auger 
holes in the center, as well as at the ends, 
should go into cull to be measured full. 

Merchantable includes only sound lumber, 
free from rot. shake and unsound hearts ; 
hearts in nearly all varieties of lumber are to 
be excluded from all grades above culls. 

Inspectors and Measurers are instructed that 
the rule herein given as to width and thickness 
is the standard width and thickness for mer- 
chantable lumber of each grade. But when 
some slight deviation, either in width or thick- 
ness should occur by accidental manufacture, 
so long as it will not hinder the lumber from 
being used for the purpose for which it is in- 
tended, such lumber shall not be reduced in 
grade on account of such deviation. 

The wider the board the more latitude is al- 
lowed for defects. This remark applies gener- 
ally to lengths, widths and thicknesses, 
although, as a rule, unless a board holds plumb 
to an intended thickness, it is measured to the 
next standard below. In dimension or bill 
stuff, such as joist, scantling or timber, a var- 
ance in thickness is almost universally allowed 
by dealers and consumers, although strict 
rules of inspection demand full sizes in all re- 
spects. 

Manufacture should be taken into consider- 
ation in all qualities, and if badly manufac- 
tured, will reduce the grade. 



Nos. 4 and 6 West i/\tk Street, New York. 

BLACK WALNUT. 

The standard lengths are 12, 14 and 16 feet 
long, but as short as 8 feet are merchantable 
as Firsts and Seconds, if otherwise up to 
grade, and not exceeding 15 per cent, of gross 
amount. The usual thickness is 1, 1£, 1£, 2, 
2%, 3, 4 and 5 inch ; f , f , \ and I are special, 
and are graded the same as other thicknesses. 

Walnut is inspected in this market, as Firsts, 
or No. 1 ; Seconds, or No. 2, and Culls, or No. 3. 

Firsts must be not less than 8 inches wide, 
free from all defects up to 10 inches ; 12 
inches wide and over, may have 2 inches of 
bright sap on one side. Boards 10 feet long 
must be 10 inches and over wide, and strictly 
clear, to be classed as firsts. Wide places will 
admit of slight defects which will not be taken 
in the narrow. 

Seconds must be not less than 5 inches 
wide. All boards and planks, 5 to 6 inches 
wide, 10 feet long and over, straight and 
free from all defects. If 6 and 7 inches wide, 
will admit of but one defect ; 8 and 9 inches 
wide, two defects. 10 to 12 inches wide, three 
defects. Defects in boards over 10 feet long, 
may increase in proportion to the width of the 
board. Boards 8 feet long must be free from 
all defects up to 8 inches in width. Defects 
in boards 8 inches and over, may increase in 
proportion to width. 

7 



C. G. Horton, Wholesale Lumber Broker, 

Culls. Any length or width not up to the 
standard of seconds, in which not less than 
one-half of the entire piece is fit for use 
without waste. 

Newels must be free from heart and all 
defects to sqare 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 inches when 
seasoned. Standard lengths are 3£ and 4 feet, 
and multiples. 12, 14 and 16 feet are the 
most desirable. 

Balusters should be, when seasoned, exact- 
ly square, lixli, lfxlf, 2x2, 2£x2£, 2^x2^, 
3x3, and 4x4 inches. Length, 28 and 32 inches. 
Must be free from all defects. 

In shipping Baulsters to this market, there 
should be in each thousand 750, 32 inches long, 
and 250, 28 inches long. 

Black Walnut Counter Tops must be 12, 14, 
16 or 18 feet long, 1, 1£, 1-J, and 2 inches 
thick, and the width must not be less than 
20 inches, and free of defects. 

Note. — The larger portion of the lumber that 
is inspected in some markets as Rejects are 
Seconds in this, the remainder being Culls. 

The thickness most in demand is 1 inch ; 
probably one-third of all the Walnut used is 
of that thickness. After that If is most in 
demand, next 1|, and then 2-J — 2 inch in very 
little demand — then 3 inch. 1£ and l-£ inch 
are always wanted, the demand being greater 
than the supply. Where a band saw is used 
f , i, f and | inch may be cut to greater 
advantage, and, when cut from fine logs, 



JVos. 4 and 6 J Vest i^th Street, New York. 

pay better than any other dimension. The 
largest sizes of Walnut Balusters bring the 
best price in proportion, but the greatest de- 
mand is for the small sizes. 



HICKORY WAGON STOCK. 

Hickory may be classed as Boards, Plank 
and Axles. 

Boards and Plank. Are inspected as First 
and Second Clear, in one grade. 

The lengths are 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet ; the 
thicknesses, 1, li, 1|, 2, 2£, 3 and 4 inches. 

Tne combined grade will not admit of more 
than one or two small sound knots, of the 
one and one-fourth inch standard, and no 
other imperfections. None but white, second 
growth will sell in this market. It should be 
cut with bark on and then peeled at once. 

Culls. All lumber not up to the preceding 
grades. 

Axles. Lengths are 6 and 12 feet. Sizes 
3x4, 3|x4i, 4x5, 4x6, 4^x6, and 5x6. Must 
be sawed plump, one-eighth inch full, and 
perfect in all respects. 

BUTTERNUT. 

In grades same as Walnut. Firsts and 
Seconds. Boards and Planks wormy and oth- 
erwise not up to the standard of Seconds are 
unsalable in this market. 



C. G. Iforton, Wholesale Lumber Broker, 

HARD MAPLE. 

Lengths should be 12, 14 and 16 feet; thick- 
ness, 1, 1£, li, 2, 2i, 3 and 4 inches. It is 
inspected as Firsts, Seconds and Calls. 

Firsts must be at least 8 inches wide and 
over, clear and free from all defects. 

Seconds must be not less than six inches 
wide, at which width one sound standard 
knot will be admitted. Increased defects will 
be allowed with increased widths. 

Culls. Badly sawed or other defective 
lumber, not good enough for Seconds, but in 
which one-half the pieces will work up without 
waste. 

Flooring should be cut three, four, five and 
six inches wide ; 1 and 1} inches thick. 

The largest demand is for 1 inch, cut from 
the outside of the log from the white timber. 
Near the heart or the dark timber is less valu- 
able. 

CHESTNUT. 

Lengths, 12, 14 and 16 feet ; Thicknesses, 
principally 1 inch. Very little demand for 
thicker. Is inspected the same as Walnut. 
Worm-holes absolutely excluded from Firsts. 
Squared edge is more desirable than bark or 
round edge. Chestnut Squares should be full 
4x4, 12, 14 and 16 feet long, free from heart 
shakes and splits. 

10 



Nos. 4 and 6 West \\th Street, New York. 

WHITE ASH. 

White Ash should be in lengths of 12, 14 
and 16 feet. The usual thicknesses are 1, 1£, 
Ik, 2, 2i, 3, 3£, 4 and 5 inches, and is inspected 
in this market as Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts must not be less than 8 inches wide, 
and free from all defects up to 10 inches. 
When 12 inches and over wide, will admit of 
one to two small defects, and a split of not 
over 18 inches will be allowed. If over 18 
inches, will reduce lumber one grade, and if 
in each end, will reduce it two grades. Sap 
is not considered a material injury if bright 
and in good condition. 

Seconds must not be less than six inches 
wide. At 6 inches must be free from all de- 
fects. At 10 inches, may have from one to 
three sounds knots not to exceed If inches in 
diameter each. Defects may increase with 
the width of the board. Must be free from 
heart, dry rot, dead or doty timber. Defect- 
ive sawing will drop a board or plank into 
the grade below. 

Culls. Any width or length in which not 
less than one-half is fit for use without waste. 

Ash Flooring should be 3, 5 and 6 inches 
wide, with one face and two edges clear, 1 and 
li inches thick, 12, 14 and 16 feet long. 

Ash Newels and Balusters same as Black 
Walnut. 

11 



C. G. Horton, Wholesale Lumber Broker, 

Wagon Tongues should be cut from tough 
timber, butt logs, and be free from all defects, 
especially cross grain. Must be 2x4 inches at 
one end, 4x4 at the other, or 2£x4£ at one 
end and 4^x4^ at the other, and 12 feet in length. 



Beech, Birch ; Cottonwood, Elm, 

Soft Elm, Sycamore and 

Soft Maple. 

The above named varieties of lumber are 
classified under an inspection of Good and Culls 
and should not be less than 6 inches in width. 

Good shall include all perfect lumber free 
from shake, hearts, and black knots. 

Standard knots from one to five in number 
do not condemn from this grade in proportion 
to the width of the piece. 

Culls include all lumber not good enough 
for the preceding grade, but in which one-half 
the piece will work without waste. 



CHERRY. 

Is graded as Firsts, Seconds and Culls and is 
inspected in this market the same as Walnut. 
Gum spots are counted as defects. Boards, 
Planks, Newels and Balusters same thickness, 
lengths and sizes as Walnut. Culls must be 
very good to meet with ready sale in this 
market. 

12 



Nos. 4 and 6 West i^th Street, New Yo?'k. 

WHITE OAK. 

Regular length 12, 14 and 16 feet, sizes 1, 1£, 
1-jh 2, 2£, 3, 4, 5 and 6 inches. Shorter lengths 
are subject to a reduction in price. It is in- 
spected as Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts. Must be 8 inches and over, wide, free 
from all defects. 

Seconds. At 8 inches will admit of one to 
three small sound knots of the 1^ inch stand- 
ard, or a little bright sap. Defects may increase 
with the size of the piece. May have sound 
heart in thick plank. All knots must be sound. 

Culls. Bad heart plank, wormy or gener- 
erally unsound lumber, and have no value in 
this market. 

Splits always reduce one grade in oak, as 
well as in otner hard woods. 

The above is the general Inspection, and in 
the main will meet the requirements of the 
grades in oak now in most active demand. 

Specifications differ with almost every bill, 
and much is dependent upon the judgment of 
the Inspector ; having particular regard to the 
use for which it is intended, but particular 
specifications accompanying bills and on which 
the contracts are based, must be strictly fol- 
lowed. 

Oak Flooring should be 3, 5 and 6 inches 
wide, with one face and two edges clear ; 
thickness, 1 and l'± inches ; length, 12, 14 and 
16 feet. 

13 



C. G. Horton. Wholesale Lumber Broker. 

CYPRESS. 

Boards and Plank should be in lengths of 12, 
14 and 16 feet; 1, l± f 1£, 2, 2£, 3, 3^ and 4 
inches thick. Is inspected the same as Poplar. 

Shakes and pecks are always a damage in 
Cypress, and should be closely scrutinized. 

Strips must be 12, 14 and 16 feet long, 1 inch 
in thickness, and 6 inches wide, unless other- 
wise ordered. They are inspected Firsts, 
Seconds and Culls. Firsts must be strictly 
clear. Seconds will admit of one small sound 
knot, or, in absence of knot, may be one-half 
sap on the sap side. Culls — all unsound strips 
available one-half. 



MILL MEN. 

I wish to call the attention of mill men to 
the advantage of acquainting me with their 
stock, quality and the quantity, as I frequently 
have orders that I find it difficult to fill satis- 
factorily. 

By being familiar with the productions of 
various manufactories, it renders me able to 
order direct and without delay. To this end, I 
solicit correspondence from mill men in all 
directions, giving me full particulars of their 
lumber. 

14 



Nos. 4 and '6 West\\th Street, New York. 

YELLOW POPLAR AND 
WHITE WOOD. 

Poplar should be in even lengths of 12, 14, 
or 16 feet. Anything shorter must be very- 
good and submit to an allowance in price. The 
principal thicknesses are f , f, 1, 1£, 1£, 2, 2i, 
3, 4, 5 and 6 inches. 

Squares should be 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 
9x9 and 10x10. 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet long 
must be free from heart and all other defects. 
Care should be taken to cut them £ full to 
allow for shrinkage in drying. 

Poplar is inspected as Firsts, Seconds and 
Culls. 

Firsts must be 10 inches wide and free 
from all defects— square pieces are exempt 
from rule only as to width. At 12 inches and 
over wide, a little bright sap may be allowed. 

Seconds must not be less than 6 inches wide 
and at 6 to 8 inches must be free from all de- 
fects, except a little bright sap on one side. 
Eight to twelve inches wide, one to three 
small sound knots, or may have bright sap not 
over 3 inches in width on either side or in 
the aggregate. Boards and Planks, if over 18 
inches wide, may be one- third bright sap if 
free from all other defects. 

Culls. Any width or quality which will 
not pass as Firsts or Seconds, in which is in- 
cluded discolored sap, or stained stock, irreg- 
ularly sawed lumber, some shakes and checks 
15 



C. G. fforton, Wholesale Lumber Broker-. 



and lumber in which not less than one-half 
of the entire piece is fit for use, but does not 
include worthless scock or Mill Culls. 

Poplar Balusters and Newels same as Black 
Walnut. 

Note. — Splits of over 18 inches long will 
drop a board or plank into the grade below. 

BASS WOOD. 

Is used in thickness of 1, 1£, 1| and 2 inches. 
The principal demand is for 1 inch. Is in- 
spected as Good and Culls and should not be 
less than 6 inches wide. Good includes all 
perfect lumber free from shakes, black knots 
and heart. Small sound knots from one to five 
in number, according to the width of the 
board, do not condemn it for this grade. 
Culls include all lumber not good enough foi 
the above grade ; but in which one-half the 
piece will work without waste. An inordinate 
number of knots will drop a piece into the 
grade of Culls. 



SWEET GUM. 

Is inspected the same as Black Walnut. 
Lengths, 12, 14 and 16 feet ; thicknesses, 1, 1£, 
H» 2, &} and 4 inches. The demand is mostly 
for one inch, eight inches wide and over. The 
sap is worthless. 

16 



Nos. 4 and 6 West i A^th Street, New York. 



SUGGESTIONS TO SHIPPERS 



Bills of Lading should always be accompan- 
ied by a memorandum of the contents of the 
car, giving, as near as possible, the total num- 
ber of feet, the approximate number of each 
thickness and some idea of the quality of stock. 

When several cars of one kind of lumber are 
shipped at the same time, care should be taken 
to grade the stock when loading, and put each 
quality in separate cars. The reason for this 
is, that some dealers at times want only the 
better grades, while others the inferior stock; 
others still, all qualities. With a memorandum 
of the contents of each car, I am enabled to 
supply their demands, without the expense of 
assorting after it arrives. 

Shippers. 

Shippers of fine dry stock should consult 
their own interest by always shipping over 
direct lines to the place of destination, as re- 
loading from car to car or transferring from 
car to boat by inexperienced hands, deteriorates 
the stock more than can be saved in the differ- 
ence of freight. 

Freight Bills. 

Freight Bills will be paid upon arrival of 
stock, and, in cases where shippers wish it, 
advances not exceeding one-half of the esti- 
mated value of the lumber will be made after 
measurement and inspection, final settlement 
being made after the goods are sold. 
Lighterage Free. 

Shippers are requested to see that all railroad 
companies insert the words "Lighterage Free" 
in bills of Jading, as it enables me to move 
stock, after it arrives here, to any yard in this 
and adjacent cities without extra cost above 
the regular freight rates. 

17 



C. G. Horton, Wholesale Lumber Broker. 

HINTS TO MANUFACTURERS 



Manufacturers of Hardwood should give 
strict attention to what may be termed the 
general style of manufacture. It pays well 
to attend to this. Edges and ends should be 
well squared up ; — parallel widths — uniform 
thickness throughout the length and breadth ; 
— smoothly sawed as possible ; — bad ends 
should be cut off ; — the saving in freight alone 
more than paying for it, and in many cases 
it raises a piece from a cull to a second, or a 
second to a first. Put up with sticks between 
each course as soon as sawed, even when it 
is to be shipped green ; — surface drying pre- 
vents sweating. The heart should in all cases 
be cut out and left at mill. It has no value 
and incurs loss in freight. All thicknesses 
should be sawed full, that is, a little over the 
nominal thickness, especially on thick stuff, 
to allow for shrinkage in drying. One inch 
should be 1-16 over, and extra thick plank 
should be | to | over ; — extra thick stock 
may be sent green to market— but 1 to 3 
inches should be seasoned, as it brings a higher 
price than green, saves greatly in freight, and 
is ready for immediate sale. 

Hickory should never be cut between the 

first of February and first of September, 

while the sap is rising, as it is then liable 

to powder-post, and indications of deterior- 

18 



Nos. 4 and 6 West 14th Street, New York. 



ation of this character is carefully scrutin- 
ized by the inspector. 

One great cause of splitting is from allowing 
lumber to dry too rapidly. 

Holly and Maple— especially curly and bird's 
eye— must be cut during the colder months in 
order to retain the color, which makes the 
wood valuable. 

It is important that all lumber should be 
parallel in width, square-edged, and with square 
ends. 

Newels from all kinds of timber must be cut 
outside the heart, to square 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 
inches when seasoned ; the lengths must be 3£ 
and 4 feet, or the multiples thereof. 

Balusters must be cut exactly square— l£xH, 
If xlf, 2x2, 2+x2i, 3x3 and 4x4. Lengths must 
be 28 and 32 inches. 

In Poplar or White wood, the recognized 
marketable thicknesses are 1, \\. 1\, 2, 2£, 3, 
and 4 inches ; £, f, $, 5 and 6 inches are 
classed as special sizes. Lengths 12, 14 and 16 
feet, 14 feet in the most desirable, especially 
in two-inch plank. When squared, the sizes 
should be 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9 and 
10x10, and should be sawed \ inch plump, 
8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 foot long. Checks or cracks 
in squares, are a serious defect. 

Combined firsts and seconds should not con- 
tain an undue amount of seconds. 

All hardwood lumber should be sawed 1-16 
inch'plump. 

19 



C. G. Jlorton, Wholesale Lumber Broker. 

All lumber must be sawed square-edged, un- 
less otherwise ordered. 

When hardwoods are inspected and meas- 
ured by grades, boards are measured full, any 
defects reducing the grade, but not the quan- 
tity. The system under which defects are 
measured out is called "measuring merchant- 
able," and has no reference to grades. 

It is not advisable, as a rule, to ship green 
lumber to this market. The transportation 
charges are much more, and it sells, as a rule, 
for very much less than dry stock. Yard room 
is too valuable here to be used for drying pur- 
poses. 



From the " New York Record 
and Builder's Guide." 

We have received from C. G. Horton, Whole- 
sale Lumber Broker, Nos. 4 and 6 West Four- 
teenth street, this city, his Anuual for 1834, a 
concise little pamphlet containing rules for the 
inspection of hardwood lumber for the New 
York market, with suggestions to shippers, etc. 
The work seems to be just what is needed by 
interior shippers, so many of whom do not 
understand the wants of this market, and 
a reference to its pages might save them 
a great deal of vexation and loss on shipments 
hither. 

20 



N'os. 4 and 6 West i^th Street, New York. 




r) 73 cy B £'3'* 
Sflu.O fc § 2 
-h cy e8 43 'v-G b 

«m -^J" O JS-O G 

p N P ** ---^ * 
CT3 O 



g s' S 

v G ,„ 



a) 



CO 



^ s .. 

-cS o c rt i: 
s p cs p 2 >>a 

zy ^=s ^ w v 

ac »rt *^ ••> <v m t/i 

S fl go ^ M i> 

3 £ a> - = S^ 
O » a! blO 2 C3 

cw ^ ,-s ° s $ o 
5 3 * .« s g « 

d) O •- rt 



p p 



Q< G G 



^ -P * be 

^EH'S 
.8 ■ * a 

CD .P ->a « G 



25 ■*•« 
0^3 



CD -*-» ••* 
flflri 



m <D 1> 



£ p. CO -oja ST 



C. G. Jlorton, Wholesale Lumber Broker, 

WEIGHT OF WOODS. 



The following list, giving the weight of 
hardwoods per foot, board measure, has 
been prepared with great care, and in the 
main is correct. Some allowance must be 
made in the weight of fresh cut, as the same 
wood differs some in weight when green, in 
different localities : 

Name of Wood. Green lbs. to r foot. Dry lbs. to i foot . 

Ash A y 2 3 y 2 

Apple 5 4 

Beech 5 4^ 

Birch 4^ , -3/i 

Basswood 3^ • 2% 

Chestnut 4 3 

Cherry 4^ 3 % 

Cottonwood .4 3 

Cypress 4 2 

Cedar 4 3 

Elm 4 3 

Hickory 5 4% 

Holly 5 K 4M 

Lignum Vitse 9 8% 

Maple ...5 ^y 2 

/ Mahogany 5% 4^ 

Oak 5 4% 

Poplar 3% 2% 

Rosewood 8 6^ 

Sycamore 5 4 

Sweet Gum 3% 2 ^ 

Walnut 4 J£ 3^ 



If manufacturers would be guided by in- 
structions given in this Annual, when load- 
ing for this market, their stock would reach 
here in the best marketable condition, and 
bring its full value. 

22 



Nos. 4 and 6 West \\th Street, N~ew York. 

GENERAL REMARKS. 



There is sometimes considerable grumbling 
indulged in by mill-men, who claim that the 
results from the lumber shipped to this point 
did not meet their anticipations. 

The fault lies largely with the shipper him- 
self. The grading here is very definite, and 
can be easily understood by any lumberman 
who will study tha rules as laid down in my 
Annual. If they are more severe than or- 
dinary mill inspection, lumber sold here sub- 
ject to that inspection will bring higher prices. 

Any mill-man who will ship in accordance 
with the rules, can, by referring to my 
monthly Price List and ascertaining the 
freight rate from his mill to this point, esti- 
mate very closely what his stock will net him 
f.o.b. cars at mill. 



Poplar boards always sell the best, after 
that two-inch then 1£ inch next \\ inch. Two- 
inch is used more in 14-foot length than any 
other ; the reason is, it is used largely for door 
frames and 14 foot lengths cut up without 
waste. A 10-foot length will make one side 
and a top, but if it is all 10-foot, the mill man 
has an extra top to every two lengths, so 14- 
foot is by all odds the better length to cut. In 
squares, 5x5 and 6x6 are the best sizes, and 
lengths should not be less than 12 feet. 
23 



C. G. Horton, Wholesale Lumber Broker. 

HOW IT SHOULD BE DONE. 

Take a fair lot of Walnut Logs and saw 
them to the best advantage. Select out the 
Counter Tops. Throw aside all Mill Culls, 
and, after assorting the stock over and taking 
out the Culls, you will then have a fine lot 
of Firsts and Seconds which will contain 
much desirable lumber, and meet with ready- 
sale at highest market prices. 



HOW IT IS DONE. 

The manufacturer first picks out the Coun- 
ter Tops, then selects out all the 10 in. and 
over wide clear stock. 

About this time, he says to his man Fri- 
day : "Put the balance of this stock on cars 
and report to me." 

Friday reports that he has five cars loaded, 
whereupon the mill man writes about as fol- 
lows : 

Mr. C. G. Horton. 

I have shipped you this day 5 cars Firsts 
and Seconds Dry Walnut. I think it will 
run at Jeast 75$ clear, and balance good Sec- 
onds, and ought to bring the highest market 
prices. Yours Truly, 

N. O. T. Truthful. 
24 



LIGHTERAGE FREE. 



Shippers are requested to see that all railroad 
companies insert the words "Lighterage Free'' 
in all bills of lading, as it enables me to move 
stock, after it arrives here, to any yard in this 
and adjacent citiee without extra cost above 
the regular freight rates. 



Suggestions to Shippers. 
It is always bret to notify me before you 
ship, saying what you intend to send, and 
receive my advice about assorting so as to 
best meet the needs of the different branches 
of the trade. It will save the trouble and re- 
handling here, and facilitate < verything con- 
nected with consignments. Always send me 
hills of lading, railroad receipts, memorandums 
and tallies in full on the day of loading. 

When consigning car-loads of lumber to me 
have the Bill of Lading read thus : 

C. G. HORTON, 

4 and 6 West 14th Street, 

NEW YORK CITY. 

Without Breaking Bulk ) 
Lighterage Free. J" 

The stock will then arrive in the same con- 
dition as loaded by the shipper. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




pONSIGNMENTJ 017 110 993 • 

Vv be sold at the highest market price lor 
cash, and quick returns made for the same 
less 5 per cent, brokerage. 

In soliciting consignments, I wish to direct 
the attention of manufacturers and others 
having tegs and lumber for sale to the follow- 
ing facts : 

I sell to the lumber trade only, and solicit or- 
ders only from reliable parties. 

I have constant demands for lumber from 
exporters and city dealers, and am prepared to 
dispose of large quantities of stock of all kinds, 
grades and dimensions. 

Long experience and personal acquaintance 
with all the dealers in the city and vicinity, 
enable me to leadily dispose of stock, knowing 
well the quantity, quality and grades required 
by each individual firm for their especial line 
of trade. 

Manufacturers. 

Manufacturers who place their business in 
my hands, will not only save the salary cf a 
traveling salesman, but secure the services of a 
permanent representative in this market, who 
will make no bad accounts, or allow stock to re- 
main on docks and in storage, until the prolit 
is all eaten up by extra expense. 

Information. 

Any information relative to the condition or 
demands of the lumber trade in any .of its 
branches, will be cheerfully and promptly fur- 
nished by 

C. G. HORTON. Wholesale Lumber Broker, 
Nos. 4 and 6 West 14th St., New York. 



